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湖 北 农 业 概 况

Agriculture in Hubei -- A General Introduction

湖北位于长江中下游，属亚热带季风气候，光照充足，雨量充沛，雨热同季，四季分明。全省年平均气温15-17℃，年平均日照时数1200-2200小时，全年无霜期230-300天，年平均降雨750-1600毫米。全省有12个直辖市、3个直管市、1个自治州和1个林区，共100个县市区。国土面积18.59万平方公里，占全国总面积的1.94%，居全国第16位。在总面积中，山地占56%，丘陵占24%，平原湖区占20%。2001年总人口5974万，耕地面积4864万亩，其中水田面积2614万亩，旱田面积2250万亩，农田有效灌溉面积3041.8万亩，旱涝保收面积2568.06万亩，分别占耕地面积62.5%和52.8%。全省乡村总人口3939.33万人，其中从事农村牧渔业从业人员1143.72万人，农民人均纯收入达2352元，基本实现小康。

湖北是农业大省，也是全国主要的农产品商品基地。一是农业物种多。我省农业具有多宜性，五谷俱全，六畜皆兴，渔业发达，基本上涵盖了全国的主要农业物种。既有北方的小麦、玉米、大豆、薯类、棉花，又有南方的水稻、茶叶、蚕茧、药材及亚热带水果。全省耕作制度以一年两熟为主，三、四熟为辅，2001年农作物复种指数为230.9%。鄂西北和鄂西南山区以麦稻、麦苞为主；江汉平原和鄂东以麦棉和油稻稻、肥稻稻为主，粮棉油重点产区主要分布在江汉平原和鄂中北丘陵岗地。二是自然灾害多。我省天气变化剧烈，降水年变率大，时空分布不均，常常出现洪涝、干旱灾害，有的年份甚至遭受先涝后旱、南涝北旱夹击，并伴发低温连阴雨、冰雹、龙卷风等多种灾害，抗灾农业的特征比较明显。三是生产总量大。我省主要农产品产量位居全国前列。2001年，粮食总产2138.5万吨，占全国的4.7%,居全国第9位；棉花37.4万吨，占7.0%,居第6位；油菜籽194.8万吨，占17.2%,居第1位；蔬菜3428万吨，占6.2%,居第5位；肉类264万吨，占4.2%，居第10位；禽蛋108万吨，占4.6%,居第8位；淡水产品242.2万吨，占13.3%,居第1位。四是农业在国民经济中的份额大。2001年，全省农业总产值1172.8亿元（现价），其中种植业占56.1%，畜牧业占30.1%，渔业占11.5%；农业实现增加值692.2亿元，占国内生产总值的14.8%。据专家测算，全省国民收入的38%来自农业，75%的轻工业原料依赖农业提供，以农产品为原料的轻工业产值占全省工业总产值的三分之一。

农业结构调整进一步优化。与1995年比，种植业内部结构中粮经产值比由50:50调整到现在的38:62；种养业产值比由56:44调整到54:46，多种经营占农业总产值的比重由62.6%调整到71.4%；优质产品比重大增加，主要农产品优质率达到50%，提高30个百分点，其中部颁二级以上优质稻率、优质双低油菜、优质三元猪和名特水产品率均位于全国前列；农业与非农产业产值比由1:1.75调升到1:3以上；从事二、三产业的劳力由27%上升到35%。全省国标优质稻率达到38%，优质油菜率87%，优质果率54%，精细菜、反季节菜占60%，优质三元猪53%，名优水产品58%，绿色食品使用标志106个，46万吨。

畜牧水产养殖是湖北农业的优势产业。2001年，全省畜牧业产值352.63亿元，在农业总产值中占30%；肉类总产量达到264万吨，禽蛋产量108万吨，其数量和质量在全国位居前列，奶类产量8.8万吨，出栏肉猪2804万头，出栏肉牛104万头，出栏肉羊223万只，出笼家禽3.14亿只。饲料总产量301万吨，产值70亿元。湖北水资源极其丰富，现有鱼种176种，占全国四分之一，名特优产量比重占58％，河蟹、龟鳖、青虾、银鱼等产品畅销国内外。全省水产品总产量达242万吨，水产养殖面积906万亩，其中精养鱼池230万亩，名特优养殖面积400万亩，渔业总产值达134.8亿元。

产业化经营初具规模，初步形成了优质稻米、棉花、水果、三元猪、名特水产、精细蔬菜、名优茶叶、摩芋等产业链。全省县级以上龙头企业已经发展到2300家，其中国家级重点龙头企业15家，带动600多万农户参与产业化经营，实现订单农业面积2200多万亩。农产品流通中介组织正在兴起。据不完全统计，全省农产品流通中介组织1.67万个，目前，全省从事农产品流通的专业性和兼业性人员有100.41万人，占农村劳力的6.3%。农业信息网络开始起步，据统计，目前全省已建立农业信息网站86个，信息（服务）中心28个，从事农业信息工作的人员500多人。

全省农业生产综合机械化水平已达53%，全省拥有农机总动力1469万千瓦，大中小型拖拉机314617台。机耕面积达2998万亩，机播面积347万亩，机收面积990万亩。形成了涵盖农机管理、科研推广、教育培训、安全监理的综合农机管理服务体系。

我省农产品出口历史悠久，出口创汇的大宗农产品有大米、活猪、蚕丝、生漆、食用菌等。1981年以来，先后引进外资项目100多个，引进外资10亿多美元，有700多人次出访到20多个国家和地区。1200多名有关国际组织和国外专家学者来访，举办了针对亚、非、欧等40多个发展中国家的高级农业管理和技术人员的15期TCDC技术培训班。还先后共派出专家1200多人次到原扎伊尔、刚果、几内亚比绍、博茨瓦纳等国进行农业经援项目。2001年全省农产品出口创汇1.59亿美元，与上年的1.58亿美元持平，占全省外贸出口创汇总额的8.24%。

生态旅游资源丰富，生态农业试点面积达1560万亩。长江三峡、神农架自然保护区、国家级森林公园、鄂南竹海、桂园、洪湖生态旅游区等景点，风格各异，独具特色。

农业科技实力雄厚。农业科研机构健全，学科门类齐全，有各级各类农业科研院、所、校30多个，建成了遗传育种、转基因研发中心等一批国家级重点实验室，拥有一批国内外知名的专家、学者和院士，分子育种、双低油菜、湖北白猪、两系杂交稻、生物农药、生物有机肥等科研成果居国内和国际领先水平。农业科技进步贡献率达46%。   返回主页 Homepage

AGRICULTURE IN HUBEI

---- A General Introduction

      Hubei is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River with a subtropical monsoon climate. It has abundant sunshine, sufficient rainfall and distinct seasons. Its annual mean temperature is 15-17℃, the annual sunshine time 1200-2200 hours, the frost-free period 230-300 days and the yearly average precipitation 750-1600 mm. There are, under the administration of the province, 12 prefecture level cities, 3 cities directly under the administration of the province, 1 administrative forest region, which excise sovereignty over 100 counties or county lever cities. The total territory of Hubei Province is 185,900 km², occupying 1.94% of the country and ranking the sixteenth in China. Of the provincial total area, mountains occupy 56%, hilly areas 24% and plains 20%. It has a total population of 59.74 million (at the end of 2001). Its total arable land area is 48.64 million mu[1], of which paddy fields 26.14 million mu, upland 22.5 million mu, with an effective irrigation area of 30.418 million mu, including farmland areas ensuring stable yields despite drought or excessive rain of 25.6806 million mu, accounting for 62.5% and 52.8% of the total arable land area respectively. The rural population in Hubei is 39.3933 million, of whom there are 11.4372 million farmers engaged in animal husbandry and fishery. The average per capita net income of farmers has reached 2,352 yuan (RMB), basically realizing a relatively comfortable life for farmers.

Hubei is a big province of agriculture. It is also one of the main commodity bases of agricultural products in China. There are some special characteristics of the agriculture in Hubei.

Firstly, there is a diversity of farm products. Hubei Province has an agricultural diversity. It is rich in a variety of crops, livestock and fishery, covering almost all the major genetic beings of agriculture in China. It grows northern crops such as wheat, maize, soybean, tuber crops and cotton as well as southern crops such as paddy rice, tea, silkworm cocoons medicinal herbs and subtropical fruits. The cropping system in Hubei is two crops a year mostly, and three or four crops a year in some places. The multi-cropping index in 2001 was 230.9%. In the northwest and southwest of Hubei, the major patterns are wheat-rice and wheat-maize, in the Jianghan Plains and east of Hubei the main patterns are wheat-cotton, rapeseed-rice-rice and green manure-rice-rice. The major production areas of cereals, cotton and oil crops are in the Jianghan Plains and the upland areas in the middle and north of Hubei Province.

Secondly, there are frequent natural calamities in Hubei. Climates change dramatically in our province, and the rainfall, which is uneven in the province, differs greatly year by year, resulting in frequent water-logging or droughts, or, in some years, even drought following water-logging, or water-logging in the south while drought in the north of the province with some other natural disasters such as low temperature, long-lasting rainy weather, iceberg and tornado. Therefore, agriculture in the province has eminent features to fight against natural calamities.

Thirdly, the gross agricultural production in Hubei is great. Major agricultural products produced in our province occupy dominant positions in China. In 2001, the total grain output was 21.385 million tons, accounting for 4.7% of the country’s total and occupying No. 9 in China; that of cotton was 374,000 tons, accounting for 7% of the total output of cotton of the whole country, taking the sixth place; that of rapeseed was 1.948 million tons, which was 17.2% of the output of the whole country and ranked No.1; that of vegetables was 34.28 million tons, accounting for 6.2% of the country’s total output, occupying No.5 in China; that of meats was 2.64 million tons, which was 4.2% of the total output of the country, taking the tenth place; that of poultry eggs was 1.08 million tons, occupying 4.6% of the country’s total and taking the eighth place; and that of freshwater fishery in the province was 2.422 million tons, accounting for 13.3% of China’s total production and occupying No.1.

Fourthly, the share of agriculture in the national economy is quite large in Hubei Province. In 2001, gross value of agricultural output in the province was RMB 117.28 billion yuan (current price), in which crop planting takes a proportion of 56.1%, animal husbandry takes 30.1%, and fishery takes 11.5%. The added value of agriculture in the province reached RMB 69.22 billion yuan, which was 14.8% of the provincial GDP. It was estimated by experts that 38% of the province’s national income is from agriculture, 75% of light industry materials is provided by agriculture, and the production value of light industry, which uses agricultural products as its materials, is one third of the gross industrial output value of the whole province.

Structural readjustment in agriculture has been optimized further. Compared with the year of 1995, the grain crop to economic crop ratio in the cropping industry has dropped from 50:50 to 38:62; cropping industry to animal husbandry and fishery ratio has been adjusted from 56:44 down to 54:46; the proportion of diversified farming activities in gross agricultural output value has increased from 62.6% up to 71.4%; as the proportion of high quality farm products is increasing, the high quality products rate of the major farm products has reached 50%, which is 30% higher than that of the past. As a result, some products, such as high quality paddy rice above ministerial grade 2, high quality “double low” rapeseed, high quality “three-way-crossing” pigs as well as famous and special aquatic products, take advanced positions in China. The ratio of output value of agriculture to non-agriculture industry has risen from 1:1.75 to over 1:3; the number of people engaged in the second and third industries has increased from 27% to 35%. The rate of high quality paddy rice of the national standards throughout the province comes up to 38%, that of high quality rapeseed is 87%, high quality fruits 54%, high quality and off-season vegetables 60%, high quality “three-way-crossing” pigs 53%, famous and high quality aquatic products 58%. These high quality products have 16 Green Food marks with a total output of 460,000 tons.

Animal husbandry and fishery are the superior industries of the agriculture in Hubei. In 2001, the output value of animal husbandry was RMB 35,263 million yuan, taking up a proportion of 30% of the province’s gross output value of agriculture; the output of meat reached 2.64 million tons, that of poultry eggs was 1.08 million tons, the quantity and quality of which are taking the leading positions in China; the output of milk was 88,000 tons, the number of slaughtered pigs was 28.04 million, that of slaughtered beef cattle was 1.04 million, that of goats/sheep was 2.23 million, and that of poultry for sale was 314 million. The gross output of animal feedstuff was 3.01 million tons with a production value of 7 billion yuan (RMB). There are extremely abundant aquatic resources in Hubei Province. There exist at present 176 species of fishes, accounting for one quarter of the total fish species in the whole country. The rate of famous, special and high quality fish products has reached 58%. River crabs, tortoises and turtles, freshwater shrimps, silver fish and so on sell well in domestic and international markets. The total output of aquatic products in Hubei in 2001 came up to 2.42 million tons, with an aquiculture area of 9.06 million mu, of which intensive fish ponds were 2.30 million mu, and famous, special and high quality aquiculture area was 4 million mu. The gross output value of fishery went up to 13.48 billion yuan RMB last year.

      Agricultural industrialization has reached a preliminary scale, and industrial chains of high-quality rice, cotton, fruit, “three-way-crossing” pigs, famous, special and superior quality aquatic products, intensively-cultivated vegetables, famous and high quality tea, konjaku (Amorphophallus rivieri) etc. have been formed. There are, in the province, 2,300 leading enterprises above county level, 15 of which are national key leading enterprises. All these enterprises are leading over 6 million farmer households to participate in the agricultural industrialization and production-by-order has reached a total area of more than 22 million mu. Intermediate agencies for agricultural products marketing are developing fast. According to incomplete statistics, there are 16,700 intermediate agencies for the marketing of farm products, with 1,004,100 professionals and part-time persons, accounting for 6.3% of total number of rural labor forces of the province. Agricultural information network is beginning to work. It is estimated that there are, in the province, 86 agricultural websites, 28 information (service) centers and 500 persons engaged in agricultural information business.

     The comprehensive agricultural mechanization rate in Hubei has come up to 53%. Hubei has as many as 314,617 tractors of large, medium and small types with a total power of 14.69 million KW. There is as much as 29.98 million mu machine-ploughing area, 3.47 million machine seeding-planting area and machine-harvesting area. Thus, a comprehensive farm mechanical management and service system has been formed in Hubei for the agricultural mechanization management, research and extension, education and training, and safety supervision.

    Hubei Province has a long history of farm product export. The major farm products for export are rice, live pigs, silk, raw lacquer, edible mushrooms and so on. Since 1981, over 100 foreign funded projects have been constructed, with the introduction of foreign capital of over 1 billion US dollars. Over 700 persons have been sent abroad to visit more than 20 countries and/or regions. Over 1200 foreign experts and scholars from different world or regional organizations and counties or regions have paid their visit in Hubei. We have successfully held 15 TCDC[2] seminars of advanced modern agricultural management for technicians in more than 40 Asian, African and European developing countries. Furthermore, we have continuously sent over 1200 persons (times) to Zaire, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, and Botswana etc. for the implementation of the agricultural economic aid projects. In 2001, Hubei exported 159 million US dollars worth of agricultural products (almost the same as the previous year’s value of 158 million US dollars), representing 8.24% of the total sum of foreign exchange earned from export trade in the province.

  There are abundant ecological tourism resources in Hubei with a demonstration area for ecological agriculture of 15.6 million mu. Hubei has unique and world-famous tourism sights, such as the Three Gorge over the Yangtze River, Shennongjia, the natural forest park under national protection, South Hubei Bamboo Forest, Osmanthus Garden, Honghu Lake Ecological Tourism Zone and so on.

    Hubei has strong science and technology forces in agriculture. There are various agricultural institutions for the research of all fields of agriculture, and more than 30 agricultural colleges, institutes and universities. Furthermore, it has established a number of national key laboratories, such as genetic breeding & transgenic research development centers, with lots of experts, scholars and academicians who are famous home and abroad. A great number of research results, such as the molecular breeding, “double low” rapeseed, Hubei White Pigs, double-line hybrid paddy rice, biological pesticides and bio-organic fertilizer, take the lead in China and the world over. The rate of contribution made by the development of science and technology in agriculture is as high as 46% in Hubei Province.  

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